Spirit of man
Spirit of man
In Brief
At the beginning of Ithaca the conversation between
Stephen and Bloom appears to be going much better than it did
in most of Eumaeus, but at least one of Stephen's
ideas clearly strikes Bloom as, in the words of Eumaeus,
"a bit out of his sublunary depth." He declines to voice an
opinion on what his young companion calls "the eternal
affirmation of the spirit of man in literature," a
phrase which strongly recalls ideas that the young Joyce had
advocated in a lecture inspired by Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen. The lecture
praised art which affirms human life but tells the truth about
it, no matter how unflattering.
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In January 1900, when he was only seventeen years old, Joyce
delivered a lecture titled "Drama and Life" to the Literary
and Historical Society of University College, Dublin. In this
important announcement of aesthetic views that would continue,
with some significant modifications, to occupy Joyce
throughout his writing career, he argued that great drama was
superior not only to facile stagecraft but also to mere
"literature" for its capacity to represent enduring truths of
human experience. Later, persuaded in part by his own greater
talent for novelistic fiction than for stage plays, Joyce
abandoned the invidious distinction between drama and
literature. But he maintained his belief that fiction should
represent eternal truths of the human condition.
"Drama and Life" proposes that "Human society is the
embodiment of changeless laws which the whimsicalities and
circumstances of men and women involve and overwrap." The
essay presents these eternal truths metaphorically as the
"spirit" of humankind: "It might be said fantastically that as
soon as men and women began life in the world there was above
them and about them, a spirit, of which they were
dimly conscious, which they would have had sojourn in their
midst in deeper intimacy and for whose truth they became
seekers in after times, longing to lay hands upon it. For this
spirit is as the roaming air, little susceptible of change,
and never left their vision, shall never leave it, till the
firmament is as a scroll rolled away."
The artist who seeks to capture this eternal spirit in words studies "men and women as we meet them in the real world, not as we apprehend them in the world of faery." Such pitiless scrutiny is a stronger response to life, Joyce argued, than high-minded idealization of the human condition, or earnest ethical programs, or religious worship, or pursuit of beauty, or mere amusement. Such an art "may help us to make our resting places with a greater insight and a greater foresight" because it grounds us in the unpretty, but substantial, truth of what we are. The powerful "Yes" with which Molly concludes Ulysses breathes the same spirit of looking hard at what life has offered and affirming its value.
